In this post I will try to introduce a way of creating a digital token, that doesn’t rely on the Ethereum network, neither on their ERC20 standard.
Other than Ethereum there are several other blockchain implementations that ofter the possibility of running smart-contracts and therefore allowing the creation of new digital tokens.
The option that I will address today is NEO, through its NEP5 standard. I will not elaborate on the advantages and disadvantages between the 2 approaches, given that it will depend on many factors and your current situation (perhaps a future post, but there are many other publications that already did that exercise).
A key difference for tokens based on NEO is that you have multiple choices regarding how do you write your smart-contract, instead of relying just on `Solidity`. If this is better or worse, that’s another discussion as well.
For today’s post I will write everything in python, and use neo-python to compile the smart-contract and run the network node that will be used to deploy it on the blockchain.
Brief Introduction to NEO
Shortly, NEO is a blockchain project that has been around for a while, that intends build a smart economy over a distributed network. In other words and in practice, it is a platform with many similarities to Ethereum, with some key differences on some philosophical aspects and technical decisions.
It was founded in China during the year of 2014 and has been gaining momentum recently, outside of their home country there are many people working on this platform, perhaps the most well known is an international community called City of Zion (CoZ)that develops open source tools and organizes all kinds of events and initiatives to support this project.
As you will see in a later stage of this post, we will use one of CoZ’s tools to connect to the network and to manage “our” smart-contracts.
The NEP5 Standard
As it happens with Ethereum, NEO allows you to run smart contracts, therefore you can create your own tokens over this network/platform and for example run an “Initial Coin Offering” (ICO).
The ecosystem benefits if all these tokens do have a common interface, so like the ERC20 (now EIP20) there is the NEP5 standard (the document can be found here). Complying with this common interface is highly advisable, since it will make the management of the token using most wallets easier for your users.
As a small overview, so you can be aware of the simplicity of the proposed interface, your smart-contract should implement at least the following methods: totalSupply, name, symbol, decimals, balanceOfand transfer.
Of course there are many other things that are required to make your smart-contract and respective token usable, such as initialization procedures and configuration of certain parameters like the total amount of tokens, how many decimals it has, which wallet should be the owner, etc. In this post we will stick with the basics.
The smart-contract
As it was said before, I will use python throughout the remaining of this post. Since the examples present in the proposal document are in C#, I will base the rest of the article on “NEO ICO Template” provided by the Neon Exchange, which is implemented in python, complies with NEP5 and has all the remaining utilities implemented.
A detailed post about how to use this template already exists and can be found here. Some sections of that article are already a bit out-dated, but it remains very informative nevertheless. To avoid duplicating content, I will provide a lighter version and show how we can make use of the built-in neo-python features instead of calling the smart-contract methods directly, demonstrating how NEP5 standard can also make you users life easier.
The Node and deployment
So lets start!
Assuming you already have the neo-python installed (if you don’t, you can follow the instructions here), the first think you should do is to launch the `prompt` and open your wallet:
$ np-prompt -p
...
open wallet {{wallet_path}}
If you cloned the repository it will be something like:
$ python neo/bin/prompt -p
...
open wallet {{wallet_path}}
Next we will download the example smart-contract code in another terminal window:
$ git clone git@github.com:neonexchange/neo-ico-template.git
Before we build the smart-contract, we will need to edit a few settings that will be exclusive for our token. On the {{path_to_smartcontract}}/nex/token.py file, lets edit a few parameters (there are several others you could change, but lets stick to the basics here):
# nex/token.py
TOKEN_NAME = 'Example ICO Token'
TOKEN_SYMBOL = 'EIT'
TOKEN_OWNER = b'{{your_wallet_script_hash}}'
To get the {{your_wallet_script_hash}} just type wallet on the terminal window running neo-python and you should see something like this [I 180506 20:50:38 UserWallet:538] Script hash b'SCRIPT HASH HERE' <class 'bytes'> printed on the terminal. Just copy it to your contract code and you’re done.
The other options include changing the amount of tokens, how many will be initially “minted” and added to the owner’s wallet, etc.
Now it is time to “compile” the smart-contract from python to the NEO’s virtual machine “format”. To do that, run the following command on the “prompt”:
build {{path_to_smart-contract}}/ico_template.py 0710 05 True False
The extra arguments are:
0710 – Parameter types ( 07 is string, 10is a array).05 – Is the return type, in this case it means bytearray.True – It requires storage.False – It doesn’t use dynamic invocation.
Now an ico_template.avm should had been created, we will use this file to deploy our smart-contract to the blockchain. To do so, you will need `GAS` (400 of it, check here the values) and since this is just a test a better approach is to use the test network (or even a private network) in order to avoid wasting funds. To deploy the smart-contract you should run:
import contract {{path_to}}/ico_template.avm 0710 05 True False
and follow the interactive instructions. After this final step the smart-contract should be ready to use.
Using the newly created token
Now that everything is deployed and we are ready to start using our new token, the first thing that we need to do is to “run” the deploy instruction in order to setup the initial amount of tokens. To deploy we need to find get the hash of the imported contract and invoke it with the deploy parameter.
contract search {{query for your contract}}
# grab the "hash" value
testinvoke {{hash}} deploy []
Then we can add this token to our wallet and interact with it using a friendlier interface than having to invoke manually the methods of the contract like we did with the deploy action. We achieve this with the command: import token {{hash}}.
At this point you will be able to see your new token balance when you check your wallet, something similar to the following snippet:
"synced_balances": [
"[NEO]: 1000.0 ",
"[NEOGas]: 25099.999 ",
"[EIT]: 2499980 "
],
From now on, to send tokens to someone else, instead of doing something like this:
testinvoke 0xfd941304d9cf36f31cd141c7c7029d81b1efa4f3 transfer ["AUiPgh9684vjScBDJ5FFsYzBWyJjf6GQ6K","ASfh5fCf6jZ2RxKNoDfN6dN817B9kaNRgY", "10"]
you have this friendlier interface:
wallet tkn_send EIP AUiPgh9684vjScBDJ5FFsYzBWyJjf6GQ6K ASfh5fCf6jZ2RxKNoDfN6dN817B9kaNRgY 10
If you check the help command, you will see that you have a few helper methods to easily interact with your NEP5 token:
wallet tkn_send {token symbol} {address_from} {address to} {amount}
wallet tkn_send_from {token symbol} {address_from} {address to} {amount}
wallet tkn_approve {token symbol} {address_from} {address to} {amount}
wallet tkn_allowance {token symbol} {address_from} {address to}
wallet tkn_mint {token symbol} {mint_to_addr} (--attach-neo={amount}, --attach-gas={amount})
wallet tkn_register {addr} ({addr}...) (--from-addr={addr})
And we just finished this small tutorial. To sum it up, I’ve made a small video going through the whole process:
Given the popularity of the “blockchain” movement nowadays, we are starting to have several alternative networks that are able to run smart-contracts, some of them more mature than the others, but many of them very capable.
Playing with several of the competing alternatives before jumping to the implementation phase of our solution is important, so we can understand which one will be a better fit for our particular situation.
If you have been following this field for the last few years, you know it is moving rapidly and many breakthroughs are still happening. Nevertheless at this moment we already have solid foundations for building decentralized applications on top of the blockchain, for this purpose NEO is positioning itself as solid solution to take into account.